Peace Essay :: essays research papers

China and Iran Transition to Democracy Throughout the course of history, there have been communistic, Socialist, Democratic governments and dictatorships, but the most equitable turn of government has been Democracy. All these different forms of government have been lucky at some time, but in todays world in aim for the exhibit of democratization to succeed, many factors have to be favorable for success to be achieved. In this essay, the democratization of China and Iran will be discussed. One has been successful where the other has not emerged. The process and factors that lead to their present outcomes will be discussed. The democratization of China had been a very slow process. Chinas process of democratization has been long in coming, for 160 years since the Opium War, China has struggled through countless tortuous paths in pursuit of democratization. Millions of people with lofty ideals sacrificed for it a frame of them were killed by those who resisted democratization, but even more died as a result of internal conflicts.1 These deaths were not in vain, they taught the people of China a very valuable lesson and after the Cultural Revolution(1966 to 1969), which was a crucial period when many political and social reforms were initiated, the people of China started to accept these political reforms. The legitimacy of the Communist government had been exhausted. Cultural Revolution raised questions to the Chinese about the legitimacy of the former communist regime.2 There were many events that led to the democratization. The incident at Tiananmen Square was a major event (June 1989) in twentieth century Chinese history, as well as one of the causes of the downfall of communism in many countries. During this incident students marched and demonstrated against the CCP. It was watched by the world via television, it marked the beginning of the third period of modern Chinese foreign policy. The first was coterminous with monoamine oxidase Zedongs rule, 1 949-1976, and the second was coterminous with the economic reform movement of 1977-1988, led by Deng Xiaoping. Under Mao, Beijings foreign policy was determined by and large by domestic factors. The first of these was revolutionary politics. The most important domestic change was replacement of Maoist radicalism by Dengist pragmatic moderation and a equal shift from the primacy of politics to that of economics. Tiananmen symbolized the beginning of the end of communist rule in China, contributed to the end of Marxism-Leninism globally, and affected Chinas foreign relations in ii ways.

Oedipus: Riddle of the Sphinx as a Metaphor of Life Essay -- Oedipus t

Oedipus Riddle of the Sphinx as a Metaphor of Life Oedipus Rex (the King), written by Sophocles, is the tragic play depicting the disastrous existence to which Oedipus, an Athenian, is fated to endure. With a little help from the gods and the fated actions and decisions of Oedipus, an almost unthinkable misfortune unfolds. Athenian perfection can consist of intelligence, self-confidence, and a strong will. Oedipus, the embodiment of such perfection, and his tragedy be common place to Athenians. Ironically, the very same exact characteristics that bring about the ominous discovery of Oedipus fate to kill his father and marry his mother. Oedipus fated decisions entangle anyone whom is of some(prenominal) significance to him within a quagmire of spiraling tragedy. Sophocles uses the soak of the Sphinx as a metaphor for the three phases of Oedipus entangled life, the three phases of human life, and to describe how every life-changing action or decision can influence other lives. As stated in Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, the Sphinx poses the following riddle to all those who would pose to her What goes on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three at evening?(Gioia and Kennedy, 1253) Many of Thebes most intelligent citizens die as result of reply incorrectly. Using his superior discernment and diligence, Oedipus answers the riddle correctly and secures his reward in claiming the high seat of King of Thebes, along side Queen Jocasta. As a child, man crawls on his hands and knees, which the Sphinx refers to as four legs. One depends solely on others for nourishment and well being. Sophocles enacts this particular portion of the metaphor by rotund us of Oedipus birth an... ...g lifes circle and the riddle of the Sphinx. How often can one look back on life and see the choices one makes, only to return to the realization that no matter what decisions one makes about any and all of lifes choices, most of humanity is paralle led by the same metaphor Sophocles uses to guide Oedipus life? The riddle of the Sphinx is fate for each and every man, woman, and child. Although in real life the ending isnt always quite as tragic, everyone brings about his or her own discovery of equity and that quest of discovery inevitably touches, and in some cases, dramatically changes the lives of significant and insignificant friends, family, and acquaintances. Works Cited Sophocles. Oedipus the King. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 7th ed. New York Longman, 1999. 1902.

Between Logic and Heuristic :: Calculus Mathematics Essays

Between Logic and Heuristic*ABSTRACT This article aims to construct a new type of logical calculi-logical heuristic potassium bitartrate which contains the means of reducing complete search. Such a heuristic component of potassium bitartrate is reached with the help of meta-level means. The principal means for reducing search is structural tuition about information about contrary literals of formula. There are two major approaches to studying the process of abstract thought (problem-solving). On one hand, it is necessary to honor and investigate correct modes of reasoning in which the property of truth is preserved. This project which can be formulated as the question what is a correct reasoning (proof)? is considered in Logic. In order to decide this problem, Logic is based upon the concept of logical form. There is a special syntactical method to vision with this conceptthe method of crook of a logical calculus. In this respect, the calculus in question is a black box whic h guarantees the true conclusion on a lower floor the true premisses. Thus, Logic (logical form) gives the answer for the question about correct reasoning the correct reasoning is a proof. But logical syntax, as a black box calculus, isnt interested in the real process of derivation building, in studying the question about methods of proof-search, in studying and construction a more manageable and efficient machinery of truth preserving. Availability of any method of stark(a) (complete) search, e.g. British museum algorithm, is quite enough for Logic (logical form). On the other hand, the process of problem-solving can be investigated in the light of the following question how is it possible to build a piece of correct reasoning?. This task is considered in Heuristic. Heuristic investigates general principles and methods of problem-solving. Computer Heuristic (computer heuristic method) is a system of rules (a rule) for essential reducing the complete search, i.e. heuristic method s are opposed to exhaustive search methods. The area of intersection of Logic and Computer Heuristic is proof-seach theory (PST), which investigates possible methods of problem-solving (how is it possible to build a proof?) in some calculus. PST deals with the heuristic component of proof systems. More precisely, the aim of proof-search theory can be defined as follows discovering, on the basis of a calculus and an entity in the calculus in question of the structure of a possible derivation of this entity, a derivation which is interesting in some respect.(1) Thus, proof-search theory can be included into the logical pragmatic (look at Fig.

Disorders in Hawethornes The Birthmark Essay example -- essays resea

In Nathaniel Hawthornes story The Birthmark you find a couple jolly prevalent disorders. Although psychology was as of yet not existence, Hawthorne describes them quite well. Alymer suffered from an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, while his actions caused Georgiana to develop a body dysmorphic disorder. Both of which attributed to the eventual decease of Georgiana. Alymer is an older scientist who marries a beautiful woman much younger then himself. Even though Alymer finds his young bride beautiful, he still says that she is marked. Upon Georgianas left talk is a birthmark. The birthmark is small, red, and in the shape of a hand. Alymer believes that this mark takes away from her beauty even though many other people, men and women alike, thought it to be charming and those who did not, just wished it away.However, Alymer could not wish away Georgianas birthmark. He even approached her about it being removed-Georgiana, said he, has it never occurred to you that the mark upon your cheek might be removed?No, indeed, said she, smiling but perceiving the seriousness of his manner, she blushed deeply. To tell you the truth it has been so often called a charm that I was simple becoming to imagine it might be so. (Hawthorne 306)Alymer was afflicted with an obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. By definition obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is A personality disorder characterized by a pervasive preoccupation with orderliness, pure(a)ionism, and interpersonal control . . . . (Medical Net) Characteristics of this disorder include the following1) Preoccupation with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules.2) Perfectionism.3) Excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships.4) Inability to discard worthless objects of no sentimental value.5) Reluctance to delegate tasks or work with others unless everything is done their way.6) Miserliness in regard to oneself and others.7) Rigidity and stubbor nness. (Body Image) bulge of all of the abov... ...their diseases, then Georgiana would have lived. If he had not been so obsessive, Georgiana would not have developed BDD. And if she had not tried to make Alymer happy, she would not have allowed him to split up her the deathly liquid. Sadly though, even in the end, Alymer shows no true remorse. After Georgiana dies, he gives a hoarse, chuckling laugh. After all, his wife may be dead, but she looks perfect without any blemish upon her face. Works Cited1)Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Birthmark. Sixth Edition The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Michael Meyers Ed. Boston/New York Bedford/St. Martin 1996 p.306-162)Body Image and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. 2002. 7 Dec. 2003http//www.athealth.com/Consumer/disorders/BDDInterview.html .3)Medicine Net Medical Dictionary. 2003. 7 Dec. 2003http//www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=21263 .4)Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, European Description. 1992. 1 Dec. 2003http//www.ment alhealth.com/icd/p22-an05.html .

The Eighteenth Emergency - Look closely at the words used by Byars by analysing the words used in the quotes. :: English Literature

The Eighteenth Emergency - Look closely at the oral communication used by Byars by analysing the words used in the quotes.The Eighteenth EmergencyTarget Look closely at the words used by Byars by analysing the wordsused in the quotes.At the beginning of the novel The Eighteenth Emergency Byars presents Mouse as being panicked because Marv is after him. In themiddle Byars describes encounters between Marv and Mouse in away that creates tension. Later on in the novel Byarspresents Mouse as beginning to change because he was only thumped inthe mouth by Marv. At the end of the novel Mouse is shown to be boldand strong, and therefore Mouse is shown to change from being faltering and minute in the world to being courageous and confident inhimself.At the beginning of the novel Mouse is presented as being reallyscared and weak because Marv is after him. The text Some sons aregoing to kill me shows that he is scared and exaggerating. Also Hestarted thinking again about Marv Hammerman is sho w he is alwaysthinking about him, which shows he is worried. He came up in hismind the way monsters do in curse movies, big and right on with thesame cold, unreal eyes. This shows you what Mouse thinks Marv lookslike, big and a person who doesnt care how scruffy he is, despite hispower to frighten batch. Monsters in horror movies tend to bestrong, scary characters. Cold, unreal eyes suggests that MarvHammerman has no feelings which is not normal and suggests he isanimal-like.In the middle of the exciting story, Byars describes encountersbetween Marv Hammerman and Mouse in a way that we are made to feelsorry for Mouse even though it is his fault, also it creates tension. The sentence Mouse thought his own fountain might have been made of thinrubber, it was changing expression so rapidly shows he doesnt knowwhat to do, and is just standing, waiting for Hammerman to hit him. Also, Byars is dimension back information in the sentence as she is nottelling us whether his expressions a re of hatred or worrying. Hammermans nostrils widened a little, and Mouse wondered if Hammermancould smell panic the way animals could. The words nostrils widenedand smell fear suggests Mouse is relating Marv Hammerman to a savagebeast, ready to pounce.Later in the novel Mouse is presented as a changed boy because heretaliated a little which stops Marv Hammerman from hitting himagain. This suggests that Mouse had found courage. The phrase,Mouse seemed bigger shows us that he is more noticeable by people

The Eighteenth Emergency - Look closely at the words used by Byars by analysing the words used in the quotes. :: English Literature

The Eighteenth Emergency - Look closely at the row used by Byars by analysing the haggle used in the quotes.The Eighteenth EmergencyTarget Look closely at the words used by Byars by analysing the wordsused in the quotes.At the beginning of the novel The Eighteenth Emergency Byars presents Mouse as being scared because Marv is by and by him. In themiddle Byars describes encounters amongst Marv and Mouse in a expressive style that creates tension. Later on in the novel Byarspresents Mouse as beginning to change because he was only thumped inthe mouth by Marv. At the end of the novel Mouse is shown to be boldand strong, and therefore Mouse is shown to change from beingweak and minute in the world to being courageous and confident inhimself.At the beginning of the novel Mouse is presented as being reallyscared and weak because Marv is after him. The text Some boys aregoing to kill me shows that he is scared and exaggerating. Also Hestarted thinking again about Marv Hammerman is showi ng he is constantlythinking about him, which shows he is worried. He came up in hismind the way monsters do in horror movies, big and powerful with thesame cold, shadowy eyes. This shows you what Mouse thinks Marv lookslike, big and a person who doesnt care how scruffy he is, despite hispower to frighten people. Monsters in horror movies tend to bestrong, scary characters. Cold, unreal eyes suggests that MarvHammerman has no feelings which is not normal and suggests he isanimal-like.In the middle of the exciting story, Byars describes encountersbetween Marv Hammerman and Mouse in a way that we are made to feelsorry for Mouse even though it is his fault, also it creates tension. The sentence Mouse thought his own face might bear been made of thinrubber, it was changing expression so rapidly shows he doesnt knowwhat to do, and is just standing, waiting for Hammerman to hit him. Also, Byars is holding back discipline in the sentence as she is nottelling us whether his expressions a re of hatred or worrying. Hammermans nostrils widened a little, and Mouse wondered if Hammermancould smell fear the way animals could. The words nostrils widenedand smell fear suggests Mouse is relating Marv Hammerman to a savagebeast, ready to pounce.Later in the novel Mouse is presented as a changed boy because heretaliated a little which stops Marv Hammerman from hitting himagain. This suggests that Mouse had found courage. The phrase,Mouse seemed bigger shows us that he is more noticeable by people

Aid vs Trade Essay

The embolden verses trade debate shows the strong difference and sizable reduction in severe impoverishment in emerging econo(prenominal)ies such as China, Thailand and South Korea that train embraced international trade, with the persistent poverty in many charge-dependent African countries. The debate of whether foreign aid is beneficial or harmful to a country in need can be seen as foreign aid directed to Africa has significantly grown yet this has not benefited the continent as it is still considered developing and is in a state of widespread poverty (Alesina, Dollar, 2000). Asia, which was once besides considered a third world country has developed a strong economy and infrastructure with not aid that, was introduced in Africa. Rather than seeing the two arguments as aid or trade, it should be seen as aid for trade. (Rotberg, 2009)TRADE HAS A SIGNIFICANT LONG-TERM AFFECT ON THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ECONOMY IT IS THE KEY TO DEVELOPMENT. IT ALLOWS THE COUNTRY TO DEVELOP ST RONG TRADING RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER COUNTRIES, so ALLOWING A REGULAR FLOW OF FUNDS INTO THE DEVELOPING COUNTRY. TRADE IS NECESSARY AS IT ALLOWS THE COUNTRY TO USE ITS OWN NATURAL RESOURCES, WHICH NOT ONLY BENEFITS THEMSELVES that ALSO THE WORLD OF TRADE. AFRICA HAS BEEN GIVEN IN THE PAST 60 YEARS AT LEAST $1 TRILLION OF DEVELOPMENT-RELATED AID EVEN WITH THIS HUGE inflow OF ECONOMY THE INCOME TODAY IS LOWER THAN IT WAS IN THE 1970S, AND MORE THAN 50% OF THE POPULATION LIVE ON LESS THAN ONE DOLLAR A DAY AND exempt REMAINS IN A MAJOR STATE OF POVERTY (MOYO, 2009)Aid is beneficial for developing countries going through a period of unsteadiness and have gone through a major crisis e.g. natural disaster, this is when aid is most needed, as a country is left with nothing and needs initial financing to allow the country to start rebuilding and trading with outside countries. Aid accelerates the economy of underdeveloped countries but it is also given in the form of symmetrical aid, multilateral aid, humanitarian emergency relief, NGO partnership support and Technical support and community involvement. Aid often has a positive effect in third world countries with good policies and has little or no effect when countries havepoor policies. (Burnside and Dollar (2000)Trade is a necessary tool in install to significantly develop and modify a third world countries economy and to reduce poverty. Trade is seen as difficult in these countries as there is sometimes a lack of information, institutions and infrastructure, which makes it difficult to efficiently trade globally. Advancing education, science and technology ar important in order to cooperate improve Africas development. In order to improve the many scotchal and poverty issues theyre confronted with, promoting this industrial development will help ensure long-term economic increment which will allow the continent to not be so aid dependant (Astier, 2006). Aid for trade increases the trade performance o f developing countries a small increase of 1 percent directed for trade, which is about $11.7 million, could generate amounts of up to $818 million (Helble, Mann, Wilson 2009)There are various economic, social, and governmental factors that can clear countries to remain in a prolonged widespread poverty, almost half the world live on less than $2.50 a day (Shah, 2013). Some economic factors include the lack of improvement in agriculture, the faulty industrialisation, and unequal economic distribution. Social factors that cause countries to remain in this state are the strong ghostly aspects of a country. Politics is full of corruption and how many political leaders in such countries rather than have the countries best interest at boob would prefer to enhance their own wealth.A prominent cause of poverty is the economic position of a country. A lot of countries lack advancements in agriculture, the absence of modern machinery, tools, facilities etc. result in the lack of devel opment the current systems that are in place are often not sufficient and cannot rear for the local community. This can be seen in ineffective industrialisation, there is not enough finance in these countries to provide skilled and technically trained workers, thereof is it difficult to provide employment. Another economical factor is the unequal distribution of wealth. Wealth is often distributed to a limited group of people, the wealth in such poor countries is often skewed e.g one is either extremely wealthy or extremely poor, thus leaving themajority of the country in a state of poverty and unemployment.The social factors that contribute to countries with a eminent poverty level are mainly religious. In these countries material goods are not high in value. It is also evident that education in poverty-ridden countries is also not very highly valued generally the emphasis is for young children to get a job to help the families income rather than get a better education and get a better job. Often there are socio religious aspects that also restrict advancements, such as marital agreements, putting these countries in a continual downward spiral into a worse state of poverty (Crabtree, 2010).The political factors that lead a country to remain in poverty can come down to the leaders that are meant to provide for the country are tremendously responsible for the destruction and poverty of the country. Administration can be full of corruption and ineffectiveness, and rather than enrich the countries overall wealth they will enrich there own wealth at the cost of the countries development. As a result of this political inefficiency and dishonesty there has been no real advancements in countries where poverty is high, they are still in a strong downward spiral of poverty.corruption has to stop before the continent can ever develop (Morrissey, 1991).The positive impact of aid and trade can be slow in some countries because of four factors physical capital, human c apital, natural resources and the countries technological knowledge. The things that can be done to help these countries that are poverty stricken start with improving its level of productivity and growth as a countrys standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and serve (Shah, 2013). Nearly 21 percent of people in third world countries lived at or below $1.25 a day. With that card based on latest data available, 1.4 billion people live on or below that line, meaning in 2010, 1.22 billion people lived on less than $1.25 a day. Almost half the world-over three billion people-live on less than $2.50 a day and at least 80% of humanity lives on less than $10 a day. (Okonjo-Iweala, 2007)The physical capital of a country can be seen as its evolution, theirproduction factory, their production process, and infrastructural development. In order for a country to improve, so must the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produced these goods and services (Sachs a nd Warner, 1999). Human capital is an essential part of the improvement of a country as human capital relates to the skills and knowledge that workers gain through various types of training, education and experiences, if the countries human capital in improved the nations ability to produce quality goods and services will increase accordingly. The development of infrastructure is needed in order to facilitate better medical, education, and working system. (Khumbah, Foote, 2014)A countries natural resources, their land, water, mining, both renewable and non renewable resources are very important for a countries economy, and can be highly productive in producing goods and services of a high quality, and rather than be ill-treated by other countries it can allow the suffering countries to prosper (Kaufman, 2002). Technological knowledge is educating a countries most effective ways to produce goods and services. In order for a country to improve overall they need to understand new tec hnology, there must be training and knowledge in order to devolve poverty.One billion children live in poverty, six hundred and forty million dont have sufficient shelter, four hundred million dont have access to safe water, two hundred and seventy million have no access to health services and close eleven million died in 2003 before they reached the age of five (Shah, 2013). Poverty is a massive killer, although this as well as diseases and illnesses can easily be prevented, countries that do and do not suffer from poverty often dont advertise the desperate need for change. (Rotberg, 2009)Aid is not the cure for the developing worlds problems but it has been helpful in minimizing suffering and increasing development. Aid has helped improve the health, education and trade systems in developing countries. Economic growth and global trade are crucial to reduce poverty in the long term, but in order to continually reduce global poverty both trade and aid are fundamental.ReferencesAst ier, H. (2006, 1st February). Can aid do more harm than good? BbcKhumbah, K., & Foote, M. (JULY 31, 2014). AFRICA NEEDS SCIENCE, NOT AID. Retrieved, 22nd august, 2014, Retrieved from http//www.nytimes.com/2014/08/01/ mental picture/africa-needs-science-not-aid.html?_r=0Aid versus trade. Okonjo-Iweala, N. (Director). (2007, July).Video/DVD TEDGlobal.Robert I. Rotberg. (2009). CHINA INTO AFRICA TRADE, AID, AND INFLUENCE . Brookings Institution PressShah, A. (2013, 24th March). Causes of poverty. Global IssuesWilkinson, M., & McGregor, L. (2013). Preying on paradiseBurnside, C. and D. Dollar (1997), Aid, Policies and Growth, Policy Research WorkingPaper no. 1777, World Bank, forthcoming in the American Economic ReviewWhat is Human Development?, Human Development Reports, United Nations Development ProgramSachs, Jeffrey and Andrew Warner (1999), The Big Push, inhering Resource Booms and Growth, Journal of Development Economics, 59, 43-76.Human Development Report (HDR), United Nations D evelopment Program, November 27, 2007,Kaufmann D, Kraay A 2002 Growth Without Governance Economia Fall 2002, Vol. 3, No. 1Alberto Alesina and David Dollar (2000), Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why? Journal of Economic Growth (March), pp. 33-63Morrissey O. _An Evaluation of the Economic Effects of Aid and Trade Provision. Journal of Economic Studies 199128104-29._Steve Crabtree (2010) Religiosity Highest in Worlds Poorest Nations http//www.gallup.com/poll/142727/religiosity-highest-world-poorest-nations.aspx

Henry V Shakespeare Essay

In Henry V Shakespeare has used language to communicate the setting and the mood. I will also be contrasting between the scenes and characters. I will be doing this by looking at Act 3, Act 4 and using Act 2 mise en scene 1 and Act 1 Scene 2 to compare scenes and characters. Shakespeare used language in Henry V to communicate the setting. In Act 3, the emit shows the endorser that the English army are sailing to France.The main role of the chorus was to explain things to the audience that could not be acted out on stage, to tell the audience that time has passed and to summarise parts of the play. The chorus also tells the reader or audience that once they reach France they begin to be siege the town of Harfleur. The basis why the chorus tells the reader or audience this is because this scene cannot be acted out on stage but Shakespeare uses language to get the audience to visualise the ships crossing and the siege.In Shakespearian time it was necessary to have a chorus in this play because the chorus gets the audience to picture the ships crossing and the siege by telling the audience to use their imaginations. This is due to the fact that this scene cannot be acted out on stage and limited resources because in Shakespearian propagation there werent any effects they just had a stage and a few props. Thus with imagind wing our swift scene flies, this meter is telling the reader to use his or her imagination to imagine the setting and locality of this act.The chorus appeals to two senses. These two senses help the reader to build a picture in our imaginations of what it was corresponding to be at the siege. The two senses are the sense of sight and the sense of auditory modality. An example of the sense of sight is, hempen trucking rig ship-boys climbing, this creates an image in our heads of boys climbing. An example of the sense of hearing is, hear the shrill whistle, this creates a sound in our heads of a sharp, high-pitched whistle. Shakespeare cl everly uses both senses in the same phrase.This is a more effective way of using language to communicate the setting because it creates a picture in our heads as well as creates sounds to the picture, To sounds confusd, this tells the reader that there are confusing sounds and where there are confusing sounds there are people which gives the emphasis that there are a circle of things going on and that there is a lot of mayhem. This gives the reader the picture in our heads that there are people running around.Another example is, see the threaden sails Borne with the invisible and creeping wind in this phrase you can hear the creeping wind against the sails and you can visualize the sails moving. The effect of these senses is to help our imaginations paint a picture and it also helps the reader to understand what it was like to be in certain peoples shoes at the time of the crossing and the siege. If the reader were a hempen tackle ship-boy then he or she would be climbing, and if the reader was on the ship he or she will be hearing confused sounds.Now I am going to explain how language in Henry V is used to communicate the mood. In Act 4 the chorus describes to the reader the scene of the English camp the night before the battle of Agincourt. Shakespeare uses language to get the audience to feel the mood of the battlefield. Sound, words that emphasize ugliness, supernatural images and words that tell the reader that time is passing slowly are all ways to get the audience to feel the mood of the battlefield. weirdy murmur, hum of either army stilly sounds and secret whispers, tells the reader near the sound of the camp and produces the reader feel slightly threatened and uneasy because it gives the spot of impending danger. Cripple tardy-gaited, foul and ugly witch and horrid ghosts, are words that emphasise ugliness. Those words make the reader not want to go there and they tell him or her that the place is disgusting, revolting and that it is an unpleas ant place to be. Ghosts and witches are supernatural images.These images may make the reader feel scared and make him or her feel the same as the people in the camp. There are words and phrases that tell the reader time is passing slowly. These words and phrases are, creeping, cocks do crow, the clocks do toll, third hour of drowsy morning name, and piercing. The effect that these words have on this scene is that it seems that this scene is time dragging. The reason why I say this is because the armies want the battle to be over but they also dont want the battle to come.It is a bit like exams, because everyone doesnt want the exam to come but when the exam comes they want to finish the exam and get it over and done with. Words which tells the reader about the sounds about the camp, words which emphasise ugliness, supernatural images and words they tell the reader time is passing slowly creates a weird and spooky mood in this scene. It is important that this kind of mood is create d so that the reader can feel what it is like to be in the camp.

High School Dropouts Essay

Dropping out of optional school is an issue defied by various teenagers today. It happens in view of several essential standard reasons. One is ordinarily an unlucky lack of companionship in outside activities. An exchange turns around the people not being capable in asking for that their youths keep tabs on staying in school. A third cause is the nonattendance of effort pushed by learners to be productive in their studies. Why do unfledged people lose their conjecture in school?The focus when individuals are not extraordinary with their studies it as often as possible starts a critical plunging winding in their awe to class. When they feel less positive about school they all things considered are less fascinated by extracurricular activities recreations, music, and clubs. For various learners, it is their accomplishment in extracurricular activities that fills their aching to stay in school. Accepting that individuals have no attainment in either academic or extracurricular a ctivities they have no stir strengths to take off to class Consequently, they have no connection to their school.An overabundance of people is not firm enough with their children and their direction. People disregard to urge their children the centrality of staying in school and that dropping-out is contrary to their future. All over there high scholars drop-out as a consequence of an unlucky deficiency of trepidation instilled into them by their people. Various young people have for all intents and purpose zero parental supervision. Coupled with a nonappearance of social capacities between people and youths, the impact could be an unlucky deficiency of commitment with school.There is a nonattendance of exertion set forth by a significant number of todays people. They appear to be sincerely yours languid and have no order regarding the matter of their studies. Constant disappointment is regularly a solution for colossal over-burden and anxiety. It has a tendency to measure to the congenial toward oneself prediction of dropping-out. Dropping-out is their just escape. Dropping-out could be counteracted. Offering youngsters on the profits of staying in school requires consistent exertion and an extraordinary use of time.Folks must be the entire more in tune with their youngsters needs and cravings and be ready to help them adapt to their inconveniences. Folks must be stronger in swaying their youngsters to stay in school. In any case teenagers themselves must take the activity to acknowledge obligation regarding their future and they must set forth more exertion into their studies. Learners dark-fruited association in additional curricular exercises is useful in raising their regard toward oneself. These strategies for aversion may appear intemperate however the effects overtake the introductory battle.

The Real Harajuku: Japanese Youth’s Unique Self-Expression

Years ago, a group of Japanese young bulk started hanging turn out at the Harajuku district. These trend primpting young go there with their unexplainable fashion sense (Bartlett). The Harajuku fashion is just really so different because any amour rouse be possible (Craft 26) and it is all about creativity, theatricality, style, confidence, looking cute, and change integrity and matching (Knight). This was all made possible due to the fact that the younker mute stayed at their pargonnts home and their fathers provided them with the m iodiny they use up, meaning they locoweed memory for whatever they wanted.Although it may be that girls are the only virtuosos fond of these kinds of things, young men in Japan as well as like shopping and dressing up at Harajuku (Mead). The trendsetting youth had changed a approach pattern neighborhood into a fashion capital (Johnson 14) and it has been said to be in the same class as the 1920s of Paris. Loic Bizel said, The French are very p oor in terms of fashion, in terms of creativity, compared to Japan (Craft 26). Visitors come to Harajuku to see and be seen (Joerger).A tidy sum of people poop get ideas and be influenced by the trends the youth set there (McCaughan 28). It has been well kn let that even though the district changed its name into Jingu-Mae, it is still kn witness as Harajuku (Kubo 38). Harajuku has truly been recognized worldwide and outsiders tend to draw their own conclusions about it. Some people think badly of Harajuku, while others just now do not fully grasp the real concept of it. People who do not really understand the concept tend to make up their own explanations or tend to do things that they think are good but are actually not.Taking a deeper look into their culture can lead us to better decipher that it is all about the youth expressing themselves and somewhat escaping from reality. The youth go to Harajuku during the weekends wearing their own unique ensembles. They might seem like t hey just randomly plant things on but they actually follow certain rules and guidelines. They have a sense of order (Kubo 39). Japan is a place where everyone is individual but in groups (Knight). Their outfits greatly vary from all the kinds of getups that they have created.Included in these are cyber-punk, Lolita fashion inspired by the Victorian era, kawaii cute, punk, ganguro symbolizes a California girl with bleached hair, dark skin, fake eyelashes, and nails, cosplay most common name for costume players or those who dress up like Japanes animated characters, hiphop, skater and visual-kei style of bands (Rockers). Their clothing can vary from shades of black to shades of bright colors and from plain fabrics to all kinds of different prints. They also change their hairstyles and hair color and they also put on makeup.They truly aimed to look different from the rest in their attempt to fit in with the others (Mah). Because of how some of the youth dress up, outsiders think of t he Harajuku youth as rebellious delinquents (Kubo 41). Since some of their outfits tend to be out of this world, some people are inclined to compare them to the London punks who loafed around at Trafalgar Square. The thing is that these London punks are these young people who act the guidance they dress. They can be aloof, disrespectful, irresponsible and such, which does not really give justice to the Harajuku youth (Knight).Also, the way the singer, Gwen Stefani, introduced the Harajuku Girls in Hollywood led others to think of the original ones as rebellious, underground, subversive, and rule-breaking kinds of youth (Kubo 41). It has also been said that the youth are devoid of perseverance, dependent upon others, and self-centered (Cho). Everyone imposes their own interpretation on the Harajuku girls sees them through their tinted lenses (Kubo 41). In contrary to what outsiders may think, the Harajuku youth are kind, respectful and accommodating towards other people (Kubo). The y undergo complete transformations when they go there.However, their looks do not dictate the way they act. They are actually nice and considerate, even though they are wearing their somewhat unconventional getups (Harden). The Japanese youth are clean and responsible. Their clothes do not define their attitudes as they can simply take off these getups that they put on (Knight). They might also seem antisocial, but they are actually easy to approach (Kubo). The so-called Tokyo punks are well behaved, having their pictures interpreted with visitors and most of them, if not all, do not have vises like smoking or such that the London punks have (Mead).Also, they are quite considerate towards other people. In Hardens article, the youth that he mentioned there were careful so that they do not displease other people who ride the train with them or people they are with when they change. Because of Harajukus popularity, others are starting to use its name in wrong ways. A very controversial and probably well-known example of this would be Gwen Stefanis Harajuku Girls. Shes taken Tokyo hipsters, sucked them Harajuku grils dry of all their street cred, and turned them into China dolls. shes swallowed a subversive youth culture in Japan and barfed up another build of submissive giggling Asian women.While aping a style thats suppose to be about individuality and personal expression, Stefani ends up being the only one who stands out (Ahn). A photographer, Van Meene, also produced photographs that showed a sexualized image of schoolgirls, which is contrary to the sweet, adorable or cute look that some of them portray (Ahn). In addition to the prostitute of Harajuku, big brand stores are laxing up in the district, which may cause it to lose its very identity.Patrick Macias talks about Harajuku possibly getting a major makeover via globalization. Some of its gained popularity might not turn out to be a good thing. Some foreign clothing companies are beginning to open up s tores in the Harajuku district. This can very likely mar the identity of Harajuku. The special atmosphere of this place might be lost. If people would just go here just to buy branded items like Prada, Gucci, or such, they could have might as well shopped in some other place. Also, nothing would set them apart from other societies anymore.Despite their unbelievable taste in fashion and the popular stores opening in their area, the Harajuku youth are not simply slaves to a label. They splurge a lot of money to look different from the rest. A lot of companies produce only small quantities of their products so that their merchandise would be seen as unique or some limited edition item that most people want. Some merchandise can become very expensive one day and cheaper a few days later. These outfits arean expression of an authentic Japanese experience (Mead). What people like and dislike can change really quickly, which can cause stores to close down (Fulford).Brands or labels do no t dominate the market of the Japanese youth, but rather, the youth controls what stores should put out and consider (Knight). One thing that probably induced the youth to dress up so differently was the uniforms they wore they needed an escape from it all. They acquired a tendency to want to note out of the box. Parading after hours in Harajuku is an antidote to the straitjacket conventions of weekday life. This is like a way of showing that they can be distinct from all the others. The Japanese are more of traditionalists and they are quite strict about rules and order (Craft 26).They break free from this by going out to Harajuku and dressing the way they wanted to. They can wear anything they want and it can be anything at all. This makes it a little difficult to quite say what exactly they do there (Bartlett). They can immingle all kinds of different things and make it look good (Ahn). They can look however they want to and it can be different every time. Harajuku is perhaps the one place on Earth where every day is like Halloween (Craft 26). Harajuku had become a place to be seen, not a place to live in where mostly young people flock to during the weekends (Johnson).During the weekends, they put on these getups that would seem absurd to some people, but they return to their normal lives when they leave (Johnson). They wear normal clothes and live normal lives throughout the weekdays. They can be set apart from the way they dress during the weekends and the way they dress during the rest of the week (Knight). They go to school and help around the house. This is a factor why the youth do not become irresponsible delinquents. Some parents allow them to dress up any way they wanted, but they were not allowed to wear it around the neighborhood (Kubo 40).The Harajuku fashion is immaculately for looks and pleasure. The Japanese are fanatical about fashion in the way that the Brazilians are about soccer or the Germans are about cleanliness (Mead). They can mix all kinds of different things and make it look good (Ahn). They shade delighted when other people take pleasure in what they are wearing. The youth, who actively participate with the gathering in the Harajuku district every weekend, sometimes commute for really long hours just to get there. They do not even mind waking up and traveling so long just to go to Harajuku.They feel a form of sensation from all the other people who look at them and admire their own styles (Harden). The real Harajuku girls were thought of as mere rebellious delinquents, while all they really want to do is make a difference. They simply like the feeling of dressing up and having other people admire them (Kubo). This is what Japanese teenagers do for fun (Mead). Sebastian Masuda said, Harajuku style was created by the passion of a young generation of people who gathered here Harajuku and made their own culture. Its more than just a look its a spirit (Macias). For real inspiration, go to Harajuku (McCaugh an).

Greek Mythology Essay Essay

There are many similarities and differences between Greek myths and what Genesis says. One modeling is the creation of man and the universe. Another example is how the first cleaning lady was created and what she was meant for. The last example is the Greeks account of the flood compared to the Genesis account.The universe was created by savor according to Greek myth. But in reality it was created by the voice of paragon reflexion in Genesis, Let there be, and it was. The word of God was distorted in the Greek myth by saying everything was created with thunder when reall(a)y Gods voice was like thunder as it says in Job 409 Do you hasten an arm like Gods, and can your voice thunder like his?.Over time, the bible saying Gods voice sounds like thunder may assume been perceived as just thunder in the Greek account. This is what may have caused the Greek myths of creation to become so distorted.There are also some similarities and differences between the Genesis and Greek account o f the creation of woman. The first woman, Eve, was created place of Adams rib as Genesis says in chapter 20 verse 22 Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man. Genises also states that Eve was a gift from God to Adam, however, the Greek account states that the first woman, Pandora, was a punishment by God. These are just some of the distortions between the Genises account and the Greek myth.There are many similarities and differences between what the Genises account states and what the Greek account states about the flood. In the Greek account, Zues got angry at the world because of humanitys sins and wanted to destroy it. He was going to destroy the world with a thunder bolt when he dicided to flood it instead because otherwise heaven would light on fire.Really God never debated how to destroy the world, he just instantly choose to do it with a flood as it says in Genises 617, I am going to bring floodwaters on the ear th to destroy all life under the heavens, every creature that has breath of life in it. Everything on earth will perish.God told Noah to build an ark and to put all life history creatures, male and female, onto the ark for he was going to flood the earth. However, in theGreek account Zues never warned humanity of the flood, he just had Posiden flood it and Hades create earthquakes. deuce humans found refuge on a mountain that the waters didnt reach. These are just some examples of the distortions between Greek myth and the Genises account.In conclusion, the Greek account of the creation of man, how the first woman was created and what she was meant for, and their account of the flood compared to the Genises account all have many similarities and differences. One thing that may have caused these distortions of the Genises account is the bibles use of figurative language and people perceiving it the wrong way.

Impact of Organizational Culture in Decision Making Essay

In any disposal, finis making has traditionally been put in the hands of the management or superiors. An engenderups hierarchy emerges when an organization experiences problems in coordinating and motivating employees. As an organization grows, employees increase in number and begin to specialize, performing widely different kinds of tasks the direct of differentiation increases and coordinating employees activities becomes more difficult (Jones, 2004).As globalization and information technology has changed every sector of the world, business organizations have attuned to demand their leaders to halt decisions quickly, without needless ado, and move on to other pressing matters. This creates the temptation to make the decision unilaterally, for the sake of speed and efficiency, and be done with it. On the other hand, it is meet increasingly clear that healthy organizations characteristically find strength in opening up participation in decision making and empowering relevant pot at all levels of the organization to contribute to the quality of the decisions made.There be two reasons for making decision making in organizations more dynamic. First, empowering people to enroll in all-important(a) decisions is highly motivating to them and second, broad participation infuses the decision making process with the full spectrum of knowledge and good ideas that people throughout the organization have to contribute. On the other hand, the concept of organizational culture is at the core of understanding organizational behavior such as decision making. organizational culture involves the norms that develop in a work group, the dominant values advocated by the organization, the philosophy that guides the organizations policies concerning employees and client groups, and the feeling that is evident in the ways in which people interact with one another. Thus, it clearly deals with basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of the organization. Taken together, these define the organization itself in of the essence(p) ways why it exists, how it has survived, what it is about.As an organizations culture influences decisions made by its members it also influences its members acceptance or rejection of decisions made by its leaders. So when an organization changes its strategy, the primary interest involves assessment of the compatibility of a decision option with the organizations culturewhere an option is defined as a possible line of merchandise of action in the case of a member who is making a decision, or a proposed course of action in the case of a decision that has been made by leaders (Beach, 1996, p. 118).For example, CEOs in different industries vary considerably from one another in terms of their background characteristics and experience, an observation that has intrigued the business and academic press. For example, a widely scrutinized and publicized CEO selection decision was Apple Computers decision in 1985 to repl ace founder Steven Jobs with John Sculley, an pains outsider with virtually no experience in the technology-driven personal computer industry. The arguments in this controversial decision centered around the relative suitability of these individuals condition the changing nature of the personal computer industry.As a result of changing industry conditions in which marketing and advertising were viewed as increasingly important strategic levers, Sculleys marketing background and experience at Pepsis beverage operations were expected to make him a better fit as CEO than the technologically oriented Steve Jobs (Datta, Guthrie & Rajagopalan, 2002). In this regard, the impact of organization culture in decision making is seen to be very vital. Organizational culture is a powerful environment that reflects past experiences, summarizes them, and distills them into simplifications that help to explain the enormously complex world of the organization.Efforts to reduce this complexity throug h simplification processes such as tremendous decision-making models on it are not likely to be very workable. In this view, therefore, the culture of the organization represents significant thinking prior to action and is implicit in the decision making behavior of the organizations leaders. So when two organizations merge, there will be an impact in it uniting the culture as to who will make the decision and the issue of empowerment and participation. Empowerment and participation would be viewed by some leaders as losing power by enceinte it away to others.However, modern empowering leaders understand that one gains power by sharing it with others because in collaborative effort the power available to the group multiplies. To make this effective, this effort should be accompanied by the support of ongoing technical training and consultation to help all participants to master the group process skills that are essential to making empowerment succeed. They must also be accompanied by the development of concrete and publicly known processes through which one participates in the collaborative process.

Dickens reveals Essay

monster reveals the extent of tallys chaste decline when Joe comes to see him dapple is far more arrogant and condescending. He hires a servant to announce Joes coming and dress himself up as well. He greets Joe with Joe, how are you Joe? originally haughtily because Joe repeats it as smirch said it dapple, how AIR you post? Joe is completely thrown and twisted and does not know how to react to the furnishings, decor, c pass outhes and aura that Pip obviously thinks a homo should have.Pip regards Joes table manners with great turn down and embarrassment in front of Herbert as Joe sat so far from the table, and dropped so much more than he ate, and pretended that he hadnt dropped it Dickens is showing how egotistical Pip has become because it wasnt so long ago that he had exactly the same manners. Pip feels impatient of him and out of mollify with him. Joe also notices Pips change and is aware of the gulf that is growing between them, Joe knows hes wrong in these clothe s out of the runthe kitchen, or of thmarshes. Joe doesnt belong in Pips clothes in the same way that Pip doesnt belong in his senior world. By this time Pip is at the height of his self-important, arrogant, smug life. In Chapter 34 Dickens presents the start of Pips gradual moral reco genuinely, although this is s showtime to begin as Pip and Herbert join the Finches of the Grove, a very expensive humanss club who dined luxuriously and spent a lot of notes as we could, and got as little for it as people could make their minds up to give us.They had no theatrical billet apart from self gratification. Pip finally understands as he gets more and more into debt the effect this is having on Herbert My lavish habits led his easy nature into expenses he could not afford, corrupted the simmpleness of his life and disturbed his peace with anxieties and regrets As Pip grows accustomed to his great expectations hes not comfortable and battles with his conscience over actions and feeling s towards Joe and hen he becomes wistful for his old life and thinksWith a weariness on my spirit, that if I should have been happier and better if I had never seen Miss Havishams face, and had locomote to manhood content to be partners with Joe in the honest old articulate He yearns for the forge fire instead of his fire in his gentlemanly residence, and wants Joe and his old life back although does little to achieve this. In contrast Dickens himself did not inherit his wealth but publicly strived and worked hard to achieve his goals, in fact one of the factors of his death was over working and so possibly didnt approve of the idle richs lavish lives and spending.Dickens uses Magwitchs revelation and Pips reaction to show Pips moral degeneration. When Pip first discovers that his benefactor is not Miss Havisham but Magwitch the bunko he is aghast, he seemed to be suffocating such was the abhorrence of him and the repugnance with which I shrank from him. Pip has to swallow the bitter pill that his rise to the status of gentleman was caused by someone so low in society, and that cost him his relationship with Joe. He feels guilty and full of shame, but maybe if Pip was less relate about his social status he would have been more sympathetic to the habits and needs of Magwitch.However, the convict holds power over Pip because Magwitch is his benefactor, its Magwitchs money that has funded Pips life of comfort and luxury and Pip has become totally dependant on that money and in turn on the convict I began fully to know how wrecked I was, and how the ship in which I sailed was gone to pieces. In Pips conversation with Herbert, following the revelation by Magwitch, Pip displays the growing awareness of his failings I am heavily in debt, very heavily for me, who have now no expectations and I have been bred to no calling, and I am fit for nothing. Pips attitude now changes to Miss Havisham when he learns that she is no longer his benefactor and that she has hu rt him on purpose in her attempt to antagonise her relatives. He becomes direct in talking to Miss Havisham and wants to know the truth and is quite confrontational when I fell into the fault I have so long remained in, at least you led me on? He questions Miss Havisham pushing her to admit that she deceived him and we now see that he is willing to stand up for what he believes and not be just a passive victim.Estella reports to him that she will be married to Drummle, Pips enemy, and at first he is grief-stricken but then he becomes earnest and selfless (the moral qualities of a gentleman) putting her happiness before his own, and pleading with her that she attach someone worthy of her, but not Drummle. Finally he blessed her in which ever path she takes and this is very thoughtful and generous of him, he asks her enduret take him, and I can bear it better, for your sake. Pip discovers that Molly is Estellas mother and Magwitch is he father so it is ironic that her background is very similar in status to the life he was tempted away from. Despite the breeding of Estella and Miss Havisham they both chose in Drummle and Compeyson to marry men with none of the moral qualities that a gentleman should have. Pip is so concerned for Magwitch that he and his companions put together an escape plan, Pips willingness to do anything to save his garter who has changed and quiet as much as Pip has is very clear and yet another attribute of a gentleman that Pip has gained.The reality of their situation is very obvious to Pip and I thought of the night of his return when our places were reversed, and when I little supposed my heart could ever be as heavy and intense at parting from him as it was now All Pips repugnance of Magwitch has gone and in its place is love, care and compassion for a friend and father figure, virtues not apparent when Pip was rich with wealth but not morality. He stays with Magwitch after they are caught instead of trying to crock up himself from the criminal character which used to disturb him so much at the height of his expectations.In holding the hand that he stretched forth to me, despite Magwitchs request for Pip to disassociate with him at the trial, Pip shows his true morals by vowing to stay by his side. Pip publicly displays his support to his friend and doesnt care who sees it or who doesnt all that matters to him is Magwitch. While caring for the sick convict in prison Pip waits out side before see hours and is allowed, by the guards, to stay after hours with Magwitch, which shows that event the guards who dont know Pip, are touched by his behaviour.After Magwitchs death Pip falls ill from the stress and Dickens uses the imagery of the fever burning away any snobbery and negative areas of gentlemanliness that hasnt been removed already this is a real push forward in Pips moral recuperation. He refers to Joe, who is caring for him, as a gentle Christian man and this implies what Dickens thought a gentleman should be a man with Christian standards and morals at his centre. Pip is so overwhelmed by Joes kindness and feeling that he doesnt deserve to have it, he demands that Joelook angry at me. Strike me, Joe, tell me of my ingratitude. Dont be so good to me. When Pip is well over again he travels back to the marshes to marry Biddy, but he finds Joe and Biddy happy on their wedding day. He is happy for them instead of angry or low and is relieved that he never mentioned proposing to Biddy to Joe. Dickens uses Pips reaction to Joe and Biddys wedding day to portray the extent of Pips moral growth. This further reinforced Pips selflessness and there fore even more personal moral improvement.In my horizon Dickens wanted to Pip to continue moving forwards with and his new life with Herbert, his job in the east instead of moving backwards to the marshes and forge after his hard-learnt transition. At the end of the novel Pip has a new sense of purpose in his new life with Herbert and a new job, his set now are genuine and honest. When Pip comes back to the forge eleven years on he finds that Joe and Biddy have had a son who is called Pip after him, underlining that Pip has turned onto a well respected gentleman in the moral sense.Big Pip takes Little Pip to the church gm and this is exactly the same turn of events that Big Pip experienced all those years ago. It attributeises a new beginning for Little Pip and that Big Pip will take the place of Magwitch as a guardian angel and second father to Little Pip just like Magwitch was to him. It is ironic that at the start of the novel that Pip was repulsed by the convict but now at the end of the novel he loves him and is taking on Magwitchs role and persona. Dickens again presents the image of Satis house has being torn down to symbolise the end of Pips moral diversity.Dickens uses the ivy as a symbol of Pips new start in the east and his reassessed morals. Like the ivy, Pip had struck root anew and was growing green o n low quiet mounds of ruin Another new beginning is Pip being reunited with Estella, in the previous era she was untouchable even with Pips money and luxurious life, but now Estella has understood that being a gentleman is not all about money but about the good morals and experience that Pip has developed through out the novel.I feel that at the end Pip is a real gentleman, but in immediatelys standards, he values love, friendship, sincerity and kindness more than social status, he is living a life of his own making and that he earns honestly. He was only a gentleman in Victorian, upper-class eyes when he had great wealth and expensive habits and didnt necessarily have any standards. This gives us an indication that although Dickens was a Victorian he thought that a gentleman should be like the later Pip and he presents and demonstrates this view by the way he presents Pips moral development during the novel in the relations between Pip, Joe, and Magwitch.

Feminism in Literature

Samuel Rodriguez 801-12-7900 INGL 3103-126 Prof. Nikita Nankov February 10, 2013 feminism in literature Feminism is defined as a collection of movements and ideologies that are focused on establishing fitted economic, political, and favorable rights for women. This includes equal employment opportunities for women. There is a big mis imaginationion of the womens rightist movement. A lot of mickle take a radical approach they focus on a theory that there is a antheral control to oppress women.The radical womens liberationists tend to strive for greater feminine power and deviate from the original concept of feminism that strives for equality. Feminism was first introduced into literature in the nineteenth century. The number of published women authors was greater in the nineteenth century than in either preceding century. Womens access to higher education increased exponentially during the century, providing them with skills that they could use to develop their art.The growth of market economies, cities, and life expectancies changed how women in Europe and the United States were expected to line up to new social pressures, and made many women more conscious of their imposed social, legal, and political inequality. Many social reform movements led by nineteenth-century women, such as religious revivalism, abolitionism, temperance, and suffrage gave women writers an audience and a fabrication in which they could express their views. Before the feminist movement migrated to literature women writers were largely confined into writing childrens poetry and literature.Women started migrating and started writing fiction. However the critical reviews of the age pummeled their works for lack of critical judgment and rationalness and dismissed their work as being designed for the unrefined taste of women readers. Great novelist like bloody shame Shelly, George Sand and George Elliot never completely escaped the harsh criticism of their work based only on their gender. The legacy of sexism has been a historic element that helps dismiss the work of many great women writers. Feminist women writers espouse from all over the world, including Puerto Rico.Julia de Burgos is a well-known puertorican writer, but Burgos is best known for her feminist poems. Julia de Burgos poetry includes a variety of themes, including an inclination to the erotic and to social activism. Burgos feminist poems present a philosophical view of the intent of women in Puerto Rican society. Burgos explores womanhood issues in her efforts to break away from hindering social patterns. Burgos stands out as an early feminist activist at a time when Puerto Rican culture restricted women to the traditional roles of spouse and mother.Authors of the feminist movement differentiate between gender and sex. They believe the persons sex is predetermined and natural. interim the gender has been created by society along with the perception of gender roles. They believe that gender roles can be altered over time. The predominance of one gender of the other is seen in almost every society. The occurrence that this dominance is not in favor of women is a characteristic of feminist literature. Feminist authors argue that any society that does not provide equal opportunities to both genders is not an unbiased and complete society.Women in feminist literature are presented as protagonist, who usually does not accept the traditional predetermined roles dictated by society. Feminism in literature is not strictly limited to female writers an example of this is James Joyce. Joyces texts are filled with feminine images. The way Joyce depicts women in his text may be tricky for people who reading his text for the first time. Joyce presents all the sufferings and hardships women go through. In Eveline the narrator dialog about talks about a deprived female, referring to Eveline.Eveline lacks basic things that most people around the world have. For example she didnt have a happy childhood. When she was playing as a little girl in the battlefield her dad would chase her. In this example we can see the father is a dominant male figure that restricts the female of basic things like playing. Works cited Hudock, Amy, et al. Feminism in Literature. New York Thomson Gale, 2005. Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. cyclopaedia of Feminist Literature. New York Facts On File, 2006. Joyce, James. Eveline. N. p. Pennsylvania State University, 2005.

Askari Bank Report

friendship Profile Products Sell Offers Buy Offers Contact Details Askari wedge, angiotensin-converting enzyme of the leading blasphemes of Pakistan. The brim was founded in 1992, and in the 18 divisions since, our addition and success patterns open far outgr profess industry standards. Askari marge has expanded into a nationwide presence of 150 furcatees, and an turnedshore shoreing Unit in Bahrain. A shargond network of everywhere 1,100 online ATMs put overing either major cities in Pakistan supports the yieldy channels for customer service.As on declination 31, 2007, the rim had equity of PKR 12. 27 billion and total assets of PKR 182. 17 billion, with over 800,000 bordering customers, serviced by 6,808 employees. We pick up strengthened our products with new cling schemes bearing agonistic pastures of return and packed with excellent service of prime(prenominal) choice. Our modern electronic cussing services have been developed with hard work, feed de fend from stake pallbe bers and research providing better riming solutions.Askaribank continuous growth over the socio-economic classs is based on service to communities and customers by friendly, professional and experienced bankers trained to deliver overlookional banking services. pic collective In holdation Askari avow was incorpo roamd in Pakistan on October 9, 1991, as a public limited company. It commenced surgery on April 1, 1992, and is princip both last(predicate)y eng timed in the business of banking, as outlined in the margining Companies Ordinance, 1962. The Bank is listed on Karachi, Lahore and Islama lousy Stock Exchanges.Since inception, the bank has concentrated on growth through ameliorate service quality, investment in technology and people, utilizing its extensive class network which includes Islamic and Agricultural banking. Corporate Social Responsibility is an integral part of the way we do business. In establish to fulfill our CSR objectives, we adjudicate to promote public interest by encouraging community growth and development through sponsoring fountainhead-disposed service events, supporting education, sports, and environment and overly contri onlye in socio-cultural activities. pillages and Achievements scoop up sell Bank in Pakistan by The Asian Banker. 1st Con summariseer Choice Award by the Consumer Association of Pakistan. 2004 Corporate Excellence Award by the Management Association of Pakistan (MAP). 002, 2003 & 2004. The Best Bank in Pakistan by Global Finance magazine. 2001 and 2002. Best Consumer Internet Bank Global Finance magazine. 2002 and 2003. Eurom stary and Asiam unmatchabley Awards 1994, 1996 and 1997. Best Presented Annual broadsheets by (ICAP) and (ICAMP). 000, 2001and 2002. The Best Presented Annual Accounts by South Asian Fede balancen of Accountants (SAFA), in the SAARC region. The Best Consumer Banking Award 2006 by the Consumer Association o f Pakistan. 007 The Best Retail Banking Award 2008 by Pakistan Guarantee Export Corpo balancen Ltd. 2008 Best Corporate Report Award for the division 2008 by ICAP & ICMAP. 008 pBranch network ic pic altogether Branches 202 pic North Region 68 pic Center Region 66 pic South Region 68 pic picpicpicpic Top of Form picpic Bottom of Form Home Reports o score o Management o Marketing Articles Internship Presentations Askari Bank Internship ReportPosted by reports On family line 22 2010 Comments Off EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The surgical incision of Administrative Sciences offers Masters degree in short letter Administ symmetryn. They argon giving the best education and be offering for specialization, fiscal management, telleting management, human election management and computer application to business. An important program is six to eight weeks internship with any recognized institution. I decided to take up Askari Bank moderate for my internship because it is a competing Bank nowa locationreal days and gives a wide training to the internees. So in topical anestheticise to defraud to a greater extent than this was my choice.This report is about my internship that I have underg whizz at Askari Bank peculiar(a) Multan Branch from 2nd June 2008 to 18th July 08. During my internship I am able to learn practical aspect of business, and get good working experience. On the very first day of my internship I reported to Ope ration Manager Mr. Noor ul Islam. He gave me meek introduction of the Bank and introduced me to the staff of the Bank. Every internee is revolved among the Banks parts and so was I. This rotation is do in order to have general plan regarding Banks functions, operations and policies. In this rotation the stay in section is usually a week.I have learned much about the Basic Banking, Credits and unusual Trade department and have given below the caption of acti vities I was involved in during the level of six weeks. During my internship I found that Askari Bank is a best Bank in Multan because most of the Exports and Imports in Multan ar do through this Bank. Multan is one of the cotton growing cities of Pakistan. Most of the businesses in Multan atomic number 18 directly or indirectly linked to cotton that is alike(p)ly the fictional character with Askari Banks clients. Because Multan is an Agricultural City, and its major exporting is cotton plant and Mango.So its export is done on seasonal undercoat. In the season of cotton and Mango export Askari Bank get its target easily but difficult for it to get its target in the off season. Low profit rates used to be one of the major reasons for non meeting the deposit targets. The profit rates on Askari deposit schemes were quite low when comp bed with an new(prenominal)(prenominal) Banks especially with the National saving Centers, but now Askari Bank is giving a comparatively h igh profit rates to its customers. In todays either customer is a rational customer, he knows the value of money and wants a best return on his money.INTRODUCTION TO situate Askari Bank Limited (AKBL) works as a Unit of Army upbeat Trust was established for the Welfargon of Army Officials. The office of Army Welf argon Trust is situated at AWT Plaza, Rawalpindi. AWT offers the AWT Saving Scheme to the army ordaineds save. AWT has its units as under Askari Associates. Askari Leasing. Askari General. Private Business. textile Mills. Cement Industry. Askari Commercial Bank. Askari Bank Limited was incorporated on October 9, 1991, as a Public Limited Company, and is listed on Karachi, Lahore and Islama grim Stock Exchanges.The Bank obtained business commencement certificate on February 26, 1992 and started operations form April 1, 1992. Askari Bank is enrolmentd Commercial Bank and is principally engaged in the business of Banking as defined in the Banking Companies Ordina nce 1962. Askari Bank Limited continues to scale new heights in all beas of its operations. The safe and security of depositors gold, high productivity and optimum use of technology are the hall marks of its corporate strength. In 1994, AKBL earned international recognition as Asia Money Award and the title of Best Commercial Bank ofPakistan for the category 1994, while Euro money declared the Bank as best domestic Bank of Pakistan for the year 1995. ASKARI BANK LIMITED MULTAN Askari Bank Limited Multan was inaugurated on December 28,1994. It is located on Abdali Road opposite word to PIA Office. The location is connected to all the main trade centers in Multan. It is a prosperous branch streaming towards great achievements. At the time of its establishment the factored who were considered are as follows Multan is zone copeing a large population. Multan City is linked to many big cities. Agro based area constituting growers and stimulateers Army Offices & Fort colonisatio n Educational Institution partS The bank has pursuance department Account Opening department ATM Department Credit display panel Department Account Department Credit Department Remittance Department Foreign Trade Department Cash Department tote up OPENING DEPARTMENT Borrowing funds from contrasting sources has become an essential feature of todays business enterprises. But in the case of a bank borrowing funds from outside parties is al l the to a greater extent vital because the entire banking dust is based on it.The borrowed capital of a bank is much greater their own capital. Banks borrowing is largely in the form of deposits. These deposits are lent out to distinguishable parties. Such deposit creation is done through initiation an vizor in the Bank. In AKBL Multan Mr. Sheeraz Hassan is operating the name gap department along with performing some auxiliary functions of click Book Issuing TYPES OF enumerateS In AKBL, in that location are the following typ es of accounts Current account. Saving Account. Askari Special Deposit Account. (ASDA) Basic Banking account full term Deposit. CURRENT ACCOUNTIn current account at that place is no interest on it. It is for merely transaction purposes. They are paid on demand. When a banker accepts a demand deposit, he incurs the obligation of the paying all cheques drawn against him to the broaden of the balance in the account. As there is no profit paid on this account it is in addition called chequing account because cheques whoremonger be drawn on it. Current account is broadly speaking opened for business. saving(a) ACCOUNT The purpose of this account is to induce the habit of saving item-by-items in the neighborhood. The minimum deposit for opening the account is Rs. 1050/- (as obvious in the Annexure).Though individuals open such accounts for saving purpose, psyches belonging to Armed forces and disparate military institutions are free to use this account on current basis. ASKARI SPECIAL DEPOSIT control ASDA account is an interest bearing current account interest is paid. The payment of return is monthly, where as the rate of return with aspect to the enumerate of minimum deposit clear from deposit schedules in following table). It is too chequing account because cheques clear be drawn on it. It is necessary for this account that the client must defy a minimum balance of Rs. 0,000 at the end of the month. Thats why it is similar to current account. It is mostly opened by Business but individuals too open this account. Tax of 0. 3% would be deducted on ASDA if withdrawals are more than Rs. 25,000. TERM DEPOSITS A term deposit is a deposit that is make for a certain periods of time at the end of the specific period. the customer is allowed to with draw the principle inwardness . AKBLs Term deposits are of types clear in the deposit scheme in the table). One of them is Askari Advantage one month. The rate of return on this account is set by head off ice.The term deposit account castrate one month to 1 year for all following accounts (as clear from Deposit Scheme in the table). The amount of profit is given to depositors in three ways By bullion By send a bank Draft to depositors Home scream or Officers or whichever is specified as send Address. The amount is credited in any one of the checking Accounts of the depositor. ACCOUNT OPENING PROCEDURE Fro the chequing accounts (C/A, ASDA, SAVING), there are different types of account holders are unavoidable for all these types of account holders.The operation /procedure essential that is requisite for Individual Account differ greatly from Joint account possessorship Partner ship , Limited Company and Club society or Association as explained below. INDIVIDUALS ACCOUNT When a single man or women opens an account in his/her own name and has the right to operate it is called individual Account. backup REQUIREMENT For literate person copy of National Identity Card is r equired as a primary requirement. For illiterate person and Veiled Women, along with the copy of National Identity Card requirement he or she must come in person for opening the account. transaction The person place a Check Mark in the type of account and type of operation required He/She fills in part-I of the form , a fix his /her either two or four similar touch sensation (or thumb expression in the signature space and get it introduced and signed by a person who already has an account with the bank and make unnecessary his account no in the specific rows in a specific space. The person fills in next of Kin position where he/she father, m other(a), husband/married woman or any other relatives name, his /her address, phone no and affix his/her signature to accept this requirement.This requirement is needed because in his/her absence bank can have correspondence with the specific person. The person put her /his signature ( or thumb expression) on the signature Specimen Ca rd (SS CARD) similar in the area on the form. One the back of S. S table mailing address, telephone no, Person to concern and introducer space is filled in. All these requirement are necessary for future The person deposits the initial amount for opening account on to the cash counter. The person put his signature on form -A (check al-Quran requisition) on two places in authorized signature and fills in the Title of Account space by writing his name. If the person put his signature in Urdu or any language other than English, he signed a Vernacular form where under take that af hardened signature are genuine and his own signature and two postal size photos are needed. The next day is the opening of account. sound out ACCOUNT When two or more persons, neither helpers, nor trustees, open an in their name is called conjunction Account. keep up and wife or two persons of same sex can open joint account.DOCUMENTATION For joint account copy of National Identity Card of all the p ersons is obtained other things remaining same as in individuals account. OPERATION The person checks the type of amount and type of operation required in the various(prenominal) box on the form. The persons fill in the Part-I and part-II in the form. Signatures of both persons are obtained on the form in the area specified for signature and S. S. Card. In the title of account space names of all the persons are mentioned. Accounts holder specified in the form that they lead operate the form singly or jointly. proprietorship ACCOUNTWhen an owner of a firm operating singly, opens an account in his firm name, this account is called a proprietorship Account the proper himself liable for all his acts. DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED For this kind of account, an application for opening the account on the firm letter -pad (having the firm name) is required along with the NIC Card of proprietor. OPERATION All operation remains the same except that the firm name is write in the Title of the Account area and signature of the proprietor are affixed in the S. S. Card and the area specified for signatures on the form. PARTNER SHIP ACCOUNTThe account is opened in the firm name and all partner designate one two persons to act on behalf of the partner ship firmer all acts on behalf of firm. The partners in the partnership firm are liable for the acts of the firm jointly and severely. Every partner has in a firm has an implied authority bind his co. partners by drawing and enclosed cheques. DOCUMENTATIONS Copy of N. I. C card of all partners Application to open the account on the firm letter pad. Partner ship deed in case registered partnership firm. Letter showing the implied Authority of one or more partners to act on behalf of the firm. In case of non -registered partnership firm, understanding on behalf of the firm to remain liable for all acts of the firm. Name, address of all partners is written on the pad. OPERATION All other requirement remain same except that the form is dully signed by all partners tease are signed by all those partners who will act on behalf of the firm and along filling part-I , Part-Iv is similarly filled. LIMITED COMPANY ACCOUNT This account is for limited companies. In order to facilitate their transaction with outside parties, bank provides many facilities. DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED Memorandum of Association. Articles of the Association Resolution of the Board of Director. Certificate of Incorporation. Certificate of commencement of business N-I-C OPERATION The persons authorized in the Resolution of the Board of Directors put their signatures on S. S Cards. Next of kin requirement is not need in case of a Limited Company. afterwards completing each and every formality, introducer signature is verified by S. S card and is stamped Verified customer signatures are admitted by stamping Admitting close together(p) signature and again signatures on S.S card are admitted in the same way. The same appendage of verifi cation and admission of the signatures is repeated on Form-A and next of Kin area. After completing each and every formality, Accountant is open in the computer by writing name, address, A/C Number etcetera LETTER OF THE THANKS At the start of the letter 2nd day, AKBL fall outs letter of thanks to Account uprooter and account opener and Account Introducer for the trust the have on AKBL. CHECK BOOK ISSUING Check agrees are issued just for checking account such as current Account, saving Account and ASDA Account.They are not issued for other fixed and term deposits because of their Long term Accounts nature. ISSUING PROCEDURE Signatures on cheque parole requisition are verified by matching with signatures on SS. Cheque book leaves number, account number, account holders name are mentioned in the cheque- book is made by mentioning the and the total of sum of excise duty and provincial tax income. The name of A/c holder and date of cheque book issuance is written on chequ e book requisition the account-opening officer puts his initials on requisition leave. A/c number is stamped over the leaves of cheque book and finally authorized person affix his signature over the debit verifier and he voucher is bandageed from the cheque book and is turn over over to the customer . RECEIVING INWARD CHEQUES Another responsibility and function of account Opening Department is to receive interior cheques for collection of other Banks as well as of AKBL . consequently these cheques are sent to clearing official who clears these checks at SBP from other banks. ACCOUNT CLOSING Account is closed on the written request of the customer AKBL free of cost.But to surrender the cheque book yet if some leaves are yet to be write to the bank as a necessary requirements for closing the account. PROCEDURE The customer for individuals account write an application to the tutor of the bank an a simple paper about the closing of his account with the bank (In case of propriet or ship partnership and limited company account the application should be written an firm or company letter head) The individual or in case of other type- proprietor firm and company surrender the cheque book to the bank. The cheque book is then torn from one side and is attach with the application. In case of Ltd. Company account resolution of the board of directors is also obtained to attach it with the application. The account opening form of the account holder is taken from the account-opening file, and the application, cheque book, and resolution of board of directors in case of limited company account are attached with the form. Lastly, it is written in Red sign on the form that account closed and Date of account closing. EVERYDAY POSTING Following transaction of cheque book is post-Dr_____________ party A/c 50(for 10 leaves) Rs 5/leave. ATM- CARDS DEPARTMENT This department deals in issuing ATM-Card, term deposits and Askari Bachat Certificate. Mr. Sheeraz Hassan deals this department. ATM CARD ATM Cards are only issue to Account Holder ISSUING PROCEDURE The person, first open the account within the blank. Then he fills the ATM application form in which name of account holder, Fathers name account number and N. I. Card number are mentioned. A copy of N. I. card is also attached with the application form. After completing this process, the application package is sent to head office ACBL head office takes a period of 3-4 weeks for preparing and processing of ATM cards. First, list of card holder is issued and then after 15 days cards are send to ACBLs issuing branch. The card and list are not sent at the same time in order to avoid any mishandling. ACBL takes Rs. 350/- for 1st time issuance as charges for a card Biannually takes Rs 75. ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT Accounts department is a department which deals and checks all the activity of all the department .It also deals in expression of finance of the bank. Salary payment is also one functio n of the bank. CHECKING BANKS DAILY ACTIVITY Accounts department deals and checks the entire working of the Branch all the vouchers that have been affix at the computer are scrutinized in accounts department. The End of Day i. e. computer print is also trustworthy from the computer. The next day the activity is separated some statements from the End of Day. Then next day activity separated some statements from the End of Day. The vouchers are sorted out head wise.The vouchers are matched with the entries in the statements. Any abnormality if occurs, is immediately dealt with. All the vouchers and instruction are checked individually are checked individually against the computer printouts. After checking they are signed by Mr. .Naeem Shehzad and the internal auditor Mr. Shafiq. separate ACTIVITIES Preparation of daily bank positions statement Payment of salaries Preparation of the statements Depreciation calculation Lockers Issuance remittal DEPARTMENT The need of remittance is commonly felt is commercial life particularly and in day-to-day life generally.The main function of the remittance department is to transmit money from one place to another. By providing this service to the customer, Bank earns a lot of income. Also customer is able to meet its day to day financial requirements. Demand Draft It is an actor collectable on demand for which value has been received, issued by the branch of the Bank drawn i. e. payable at some other place (branch) of the same Bank. If two Banks are involved then the DD is sent to other Bank but in other case it is handed over to the applicant. Issuance Procedure A demand draft application is given to the customer, he fills in relevant information and signs it. The officer checks the information form. The Bank charges such as commission, excise duty is aerated as per effective schedule of charges. If he fills the tax exemption form, tax is not charged. In case of cash deposit, the cashier counts the amount and s igns the DD application and enters it in the register. Then the officer of remittance department signs it and operation manager counter signs it. The entry is made in the DD issuing register, DD is given to the customer. Vouchers are inclined(p) and posted. DD advises are printed and mailed to the respective branch. Payment Procedure The Bank receives DD. The DD credit advice is received through mail. The numbers are checked and signatures are verified. An entry is made on the DD payable register and the vouchers are made. DD credit is attached with the vouchers and given for posting to the computer. When DD is received the test numbers are checked and the payment is made. Vouchers are given for posting and the entry that was made in the register is closed i. e. DD payable is Nil.Pay Order It is an instrument issued for payment in same city. Pay order issued from on e branch can only be payable from the same branch. It is normally referred to as Bankers cheque. It is also called confirmed cheque, because Bank issues this on it own guarantee. Issuance Procedure The standard form is given to the customer. He fills in the details and signs it. The relate officer checks the form. Bank charges (or commission) as per the schedule of charges and the withholding tax of 0. 3% are applied. The cash amount of the pay order is received. A cash memo is signed, stamped and handed over to the applicant as a receipt. Then the pay order receipt is filled accordly. Counter foil is also filled. An entry is made in the pay order issue register. Then the authorized officer signs it after checking the pay order. The order is then handed over to the applicant after obtaining his signature on the PO Form. A voucher is also made and posted at the computer. Payment Procedure On presentation of the pay order receipt, two authorized officers of the branch sign the receipt. PO entry is made in the PO issue register. Then the amount is credited to the account of the customer or pain in cash. PO is posted at the computer. Outward Bills for Collection The bills, which are received by the Bank and sent to other cities (branches) for the local clearing in that city, are called Outward Bills for Collection. Procedure The cheques that are of other cities are separated. They are entered in the OBC Register and OBC numbers are given to them. The OBC forwarding schedules are prepared for different branches. The respective cheques are attached with the schedule. The office copy is filled and original schedule is mailed. On clearing, the respective Banks send back the OBCs along with the IBCA (Inter Branch Credit Advice). The OBC numbers are checked from the OBC register, after that entries are made. Commission charges are deducted from the account. Inward Bills for Collection The bills, which are received by the Bank from other branches out of the city for local clearing are called Inward Bills for Collection. Procedure The OBC of other branch es will be the IBC of this branch. So an OBC forwarding schedule is received by mail. The cheques are entered in the IBC register.The IBC numbers are allotted to them. The cheques are lodged for clearing. After realization, an IBCA is prepared and mailed to the branch from where the cheque was received. At the end of the day, two vouchers are prepared and posted. FOREIGN sight DEPARTMENT Foreign trade department deals in Foreign coin account Exports Imports FOREIGN bullion ACCOUNT Mainly this account deals in individual, personal and companies account CRITERIA FOR OPENING FOREIGN up-to-dateness ACCOUNT There are not hard and fast rules for becoming the Foreign Currency Account holder.Bank wants only introduction of the Client and very little about the background. I. D card is also not necessary, if someone has well and good, otherwise no restriction will be there for him. FEATURES OF FOREIGN CURRENCY ACCOUNTS There will be legal protection for the account holders. Accor ding to orthogonal exchange rules and regulation every citizen of Pakistan, either within the Pakistan or outside the Pakistan, can open the foreign currency account. house physician firms and Resident Companies including investment Banks can open Foreign Currency Accounts. All foreign nationals and foreign Companies in Pakistan or overseas can open Foreign Currency Accounts. Opening of Foreign Currency Accounts in the joint names of residents/non-residents is permissible. Foreign Currency can be deposited by Remittance received from abroad Foreign Currency Notes There will be no restriction and questioning to him about the currency, which he wants to deposit that from where he got that money. No Zakat will be deducted on these accounts no Income Tax deduction, no wealthiness Tax deduction will be there. These incentives reinforce and motivated the people to invest in foreign currency accounts rather to keep the foreign currency idle. Foreign currency accounts can easily be transferred from one person to another, one place to another, with in the ACBL Branches or in other Bank. The account holder can transfer the funds freely, in any currency to any part of the world. Foreign currency Accounts can be used for payment of purchases at Duty Free shops. FACILITIES This account provides following facilities travelling quota Out ward remittances In ward remittances receiving To make remittances procedure flexible EXPORT Mainly export deals in Negotiation of documents Sending the documents for collection Pre-shipment financing Post-shipment financing Remittance against agent commission anterior covered booking Handling the documents for negotiation according to the UCP 500 (uniform custom and practices) Handling the documents for collection according to URR (uniform rules for collection) Submission of monthly returns to SBP regarding the export on form A-2/O-2 IMPORT Opening the letter of credit visit the documents receive from flowing b ank under letter of credit. Account to UCP 500 and extending the credit facility to the importer informs FIM (finance against trade merchandise) FATR (finance against trust receipt). Arrange forward cover booking regarding import payments Also arrange forward cover booking for letter of credit open other then ACBL Submission of monthly returns to SBP regarding the import on form I SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats) analysis of AKBL is described below Strengths AKBL has got a well-developed online system in most of its branches. Remittance Department is working very efficiently in transferring the funds of people collectable to this system. The Bank has also started ATM facility in most of its branches. 24-hour Banking is new course in Pakistan and AKBL has also taken apart in this trend. One distinctive feature of the Bank is that it is the only Bank working for the welfare of army officers, which was established by Army Welfare Trust. The p roductivity of the Bank is very good. Bank is providing a high quality service to its customers. AKBL have strength that most of the imports which are done in Multan are handle by AKBL Multan. Weaknesses AKBL has lesser number of branches as compared to many other branches. imputable(p) to this problem, army officers can not avail the benefits of their own Bank. The human resource department is not performing the function of selection and recruitment very effectively. Selection process is not on virtuousness payable to which competent persons cannot be selected. Bank should boost the product development and increase the range of facilities offered for customers. Bank is weak in its credit management. Bank should lend to very sound parties and increase its payment rate. Opportunities Govt. is victorious very bold steps to promote IT in Pakistan. AKBL has an opportunity to improve in technology. AKBL is surrounded by many competitors. It has an opportunity to do aggressive ma rketing to increase its business. AKBL may increase its branches in competitive areas Threats AKBL has many competitors, which are continuously increasing its products and marketing aggressively. It may cause its customers to shift to competitors. Some other Banks have competent taskforce, which is also a threat for AKBL. Because human resource is the most valuable resource. Due to the increase bad situation of Pakistan in which army is considered to be involved increase the frequency of withdrawals, which would lessening deposits. pecuniary Analysis Financial Highlights The current years profit (2007) after revenue of the bank stood at Rs. 2,681,012 as compared to Rs. 2,249,974 for last year. The deposits decreased by 16. 49% to Rs. 11,197,424 as against Rs. 13,044,593 as on 31 Dec 2006. The loans and advances figure stood at R. 5,521,030 reflect on the improving market image of Askari Bank as a formidable financial institution. balance Analysis The information contained in the four basic financial statements is of major significance to various interested parties who regularly need to have relative measures of the companys operating efficiency. Relative is the key word here, because the analysis of financial statements is based on the use of ratios or relative values. Ratio analysis involves methods of calculating and interpreting financial ratios to analyze and monitor the firms performance.The basic inputs to ratio analysis are the firms income statement and balance sheet. Ratios 2007 2006 Current ratio 1. 03 1. 04 Total asst turnover 0. 11 0. 09 Debt ratio 0. 93 0. 3 Gross Profit margin 0. 11 0. 22 in operation(p) profit margin 0. 21 0. 12 internet profit margin 0. 22 0. 26 ROA 0. 02 0. 02 Earning asset to total assets Earning assets are the assets which are very important for any company for the bank earning assets are the assets on which bank can earn its profit which may includes loans, advances, operating fixed assets and other assets o n the loans and advances bank can make profit by giving or investing in some where so Askari Bank has increased its earning assets in the year 2007 as compared to the previous year that show the good trend in the profitability of the Askari bank and the customer believe on the Bank.Ratio tells that on what percentage earning assets contribute the total assets. puff up bank also has increased its earning assets ratio shows the more profitability of the bank as it can be shown by the profit and loss account of the 2007 that shows the net mark up income more for the year as compared to the previous year so bank is going gradually to the more profitability by giving more advances and loans. Earning assets ASSETS 2007 Cash 13356055 Balances with other banks 3497054 modify 14444143 Investments 39431005 Advances 100780162 Operating fixed assets 5128428 Total earning Assets 176636847 Other assets 5535038 TOTAL 182171885 Total Earning Assets Rs. 176636847 dominion Ea rning Assets / Total Assets = 176636847 / 182171885 = 0. 969616 Return on earning asset This ratio indicates the how much of earning assets take part in making of the profit onwards taxation. This ratio is decreased during the year.Why is it so it has different reasons these are as follows Profit before taxation was more in the previous year as compared to the year 2007 because bank has low outlays and less provision for the bad debts and also bank has small investments and limited loans and advances but in 2007 situation has changed and bank increased its loans and advances. Earning assets were also low in the previous year as compared to the 2007 so overall ratio has been decreased but shows the good trend for the making of long term planning Formula Profit after tax / earning assets = 2,681,012 / 176636847 = . 015 Loan loss coverage ratio This important figure is a reserve account to cover unexpected defaults on loans by borrowers.These are generally referred to as no performin g loans. The higher the no performing loan and charge-off percentages, the higher the provision for loan losses should probably be. Consequently, this would reduce net income and kale per share. Well in the year 2007 banks this ratio has been increased to a great expiration due to different reasons theses are as follows. Profit before taxation is low for the 2007 due to more expenses because bank is in expanding mode thats why its expenses are increasing day by day. provide and bad debts also increased in the year 2007 because bank also has invested more in this year and ad more also granted more loans. FormulaProvision against non-performing loan and advances / profit (loss) before tax = 3,920,240 / 2,299,785 = 1. 70 Loan to deposit Well there is a concept that banks loans are its assets while its deposits are liabilities. But if a bank has low deposits then obviously it will give low loans because bank gives its loans by the deposits and earn on the loans then pay mark up on th e deposits to the customers. Well bank has increased its loans to deposits ratio in the year 2007 showing its more deposits as well more loans and that is good for the bank to remain in the market and to penetrate in the market. But profit has not increased with the same ratio becauseBank has low mark up rates Bank has more capacity for provisions Formula Loans / deposit = 14444143 / 11,197,424 = 1. 289 Current ratio This ratio indicates the liquidity of the bank. Well this ratio has been decreased but nt much decreased during the year to a small extent due to Bank has increased its deposits so liabilities have been increased. Bank has increased its assets as well to overcome the liabilities. So overall we can say bank is the liquid enough to pay its liabilities Formula Current assets / current liabilities = 171508419 / 166214583 = 1. 03 Debt Ratio Debt ratio remained the same in previous year it was . 93 and in 2007 its again 0. 93.Bank has not decreased its debt ratio in 2007. Ne t Profit Margin Net profit margin of a bank has been increased from 0. 12 to 0. 21. Horizontal and vertical analysis canvass analytical data for a current period with similar computations for prior years affords some basis for judging whether the condition of the business is improving or worsening. This comparison of data over time is called as crosswise or trend analysis, to express the idea of reviewing data for a number of consecutive periods. It is distinguished from vertical analysis or static analysis which refers to the review of the financial information of only one accounting period. HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS Balance sheet accounts 2007 2006 %age ASSETS Cash 13356055 14879230 -1523175 -10. 2369 balances wid other banks 3497054 7333002 -3835948 -52. 3107 Lendings 14444143 8392950 6051193 72. 9852 Investments 39431005 28625915 10805090 37. 74583 Advances 100780162 99179372 1600790 1. 614035 o. fixd assets 5128428 3810331 1318097 34. 59272 def ferd tax assets other assets 5535038 3812788 1722250 45. 7036 TOTAL 182171885 166033588 16138297 9. 719899 LIABILITIES bills payable 2627051 1839077 787974 42. 4617 Borrowings 17553525 14964087 2589438 17. 30435 deposits&other acc 143036707 131839283 11197424 8. 493238 sub-ord loans 2997300 2998500 -1200 -0. 04002 liabl against assets deferred tax liab 471519 736298 -264779 -35. 608 other liab 3219796 2603113 616683 23. 69021 TOTAL 169905898 154980358 14925540 9. 630601 Net assets 12265987 11053230 1212757 10. 97197 PROFIT and loss accounts 2007 2006 %age interest earned 15143241 12596921 2546320 20. 21383 interest expensed 8685624 6977313 1708311 24. 48379 net mark up/interest income 6457617 5619608 838009 14. 1223 loans & advances 3920240 1128137 2792103 247. 4968 value of investment 1501 376 1125 299. 2021 bad debts written off 3921741 1128513 2793 228 247. 14 interest income after provision 2535876 4491095 -1955219 -43. 5355 Non markup/interest income fee,comm,brockerage income 1072868 1013660 59208 5. 41012 dividends income 137079 109326 27753 25. 38554 income from dealing in for curr 655761 584344 71417 12. 22174 gain on sale of inv 2361251 112474 2248777 1999. 375 unleasing gain 1728 -2308 4036 -174. 87 other income 336809 321758 15051 4. 77739 total non markup/interest income 4565496 2139254 2426242 113. 4153 7101372 6630349 471023 7. 104045 Non markup/interest expense admin exp 4789536 3277353 1512183 46. 4038 other pro/write offs other charges 12051 6141 5910 96. 2384 total non markup/interest expense 4801587 3283494 1518093 46. 23407 2299785 3346855 -1047070 -31. 852 Profit before taxation current yrs 98535 983875 -885340 -89. 985 prior yrs -233950 Deferred -245812 113006 -358818 -317. 21 -3812 27 1096881 -1478108 -134. 756 Profit after taxation 2681012 2249974 431038 19. 15747 profit brought forward 1799979 1617597 182382 11. 7487 profit usable for appr. 4480991 3867571 613420 15. 8606 VERTICAL ANALYSIS balance sheet accounts 2007 2006 ASSETS cash 13356055 7. 331567657 14879230 8. 961578 balances wid other banks 3497054 63. 8030698 7333002 4. 416577 lendings 14444143 7. 928854115 8392950 5. 054971 Investments 39431005 21. 64494538 28625915 17. 24104 advances 100780162 55. 32146851 99179372 59. 73452 o. fixd assets 5128428 2. 815158881 3810331 2. 294916 defferd tax assets other assets 5535038 3. 038360173 3812788 2. 296396 TOTAL 182171885 166033588 LIABILITIES Bills payable 2627051 1. 442072689 1839077 1. 107654 Borrowings 17553525 9. 635693784 14964087 9. 012687 deposits&other acc 143036707 78. 51744357 131839283 79. 40519 Sub-ord loans 2997300 1. 645314259 2998500 1. 80596 liabl agai nst assets deferred tax liab 471519 0. 258831927 736298 0. 443463 other liab 3219796 1. 767449461 2603113 1. 67823 TOTAL 169905898 154980358 Net assets 12265987 11053230 Findings on the basis of analysis By the horizontal or comparative analysis in which base year is taken as 2006 certain changes are measured in the Banks performance. Cash with other banks and balances with other banks gradually increased in the time line showing the banks good performance and this indicate that bank can earn more by making balances with the other banks.Lending to financial institutions not done in the last year due to more investments done by the bank and by giving more and more advances to the customers but this also has increased the bad debts and provisions of the bank as compared to the previous years. Operating assets has been decreased so that is in favor of the bank. On the liabilities side bank also has increased its bills payable that shows that bank has certai n increased in the liabilities as well banks deposits also increased showing the great penetration in the market place as well customers believe on the bank to make deposits thats why banks mark up expense has been increased. Equity also increased in the previous year but banks profit has been decreased because bank has invested so much and in the development process so increased in the expenses.Overall banks financial position in the marketplace has been increased in terms of deposits and advances. All these reasons are favorable to the bank in year 2006 because at one side banks assets have been increased in the form of advances and at other side markup income increased due to deposits because bank can more invest it Balance Sheets one portion that is Assets shows certain changes during the year. e. g Cash & balances with treasury banks have been increased that shows the bank has fulfilled and modify SBP requirements because of maintenance of foreign currency as well as Pakistani currency with other banks due to this balances with the other banks whether outside the Pakistan or inside the Pakistan have been increased.While investment have been decreased due to making balances with the other banks and so advances increased by giving more to the customers so earning power also increased. In 2007 bank not lend money to the financial institutions. Banks operating fixed assets have been decreased to a small extent due to this profit also is increased because bank is the service organization and for service organizations no need of more operating fixed assets. Banks deposits and other accounts have not been increased to the same extent as bank is giving advances. Well that shows a positive trend because bank expenses would be automatically decreased that are due to cash management.Banks net assets have been decreased because of less operating fixed assets and also due to increase in liabilities. Balance Sheet shows the assets are more contributed by the Advances and liabilities are more contributed y the Deposits that are favorable for the Bank. Overall result is less profit for 2007 as compared to 2006. But this has certain different reasons these are as follows Increase cash and balances with the other banks More advances Increase in deposits All these reasons are favorable to the bank in year 2007 because at one side banks assets have been increased in the form of advances and at other side markup income increased due to deposits because bank can more invest it. Applications of Class Room Concept In Accounts department there was an implementation of Financial Accounting in making balance sheets, income statements, calculation of depreciation etc In credits department there was an implementation of different categories of loans like personal loans, corporate loans etc which was studied in Financial Management. Recommendations Already the bank is having a good infrastructure not much recommendations are needed as a manager but few can wor k - Customers should be given some sort of facilities which can incline people for investment and go for Askari bank for Exports n Imports. Fist floor of bank is much congested, there is needed to work on that. There is not a proper environment of customer dealing on that floor thats why customer feels difficulty in that. Accounts department was much congested, so area of that department should be extended. After biannually closing of bank there should be a get together of all the employees of bank which can give them a healthy atmosphere to work. fewer of the employees used to interfere in others work so they should be strictly advised to perform their own duty well. Categories Internship Comments are closed. Subscribe for Latest Updates Top of Form pic Your email pic pic Bottom of Form picpic Categories o Accounting o Articles o Internship o Management o Marketing o Presentations Usefull colligate picpic Usefull Links picpicpicpicCopyright 2011 Reporties Database of Fr ee Internship Reports & Articles.